太阳自动跟踪系统中光电传感器的设计

针对现有光电传感器存在形式单一、跟踪精度不高、运行稳定性较差等不足,该文通过对光电传感器进行结构设计,设计了一种金字塔式和箱体式嵌套的粗-精跟踪光电传感器,其中箱体式可拆卸、单独使用,其内部的凹面镜利用反射作用有效减小了箱体高度,保证了跟踪过程中的跟踪精度和运行稳定性。在对该传感器的电路进行设计时,选取四运放集成电路LM324为核心,利用其比较作用来控制电机驱动执行机构,从而使聚光系统对准太阳。利用MATLAB/Simulink对模糊PID(proportional integration differentiation,比例-积分-微分)控制器建模和仿真,与PID控制相比,模糊PID控制曲线的响应时间较短,在0.1 s时给系统一个宽度为0.1的矩形脉冲干扰,在0.1~0.2 s之间系统的响应曲线、控制误差的响应曲线以及控制器的输出变化曲线呈现不同的变化;在0.2 s时,均达到稳定状态。通过分析可知,无论是否存在干扰,该控制方法均能使控制器迅速达到稳定状态,减少系统响应时间,从而减少系统的运行成本。该研究为太阳自动跟踪系统的稳定运行和跟踪精度的提高提供了参考。     

基于单片机的超声测距系统设计

介绍一种基于单片机的脉冲反射式超声测距系统,提出了系统的总体构成,针对测距系统发射、接收、检测、显示部分的总体设计方案进行了论证,分析了系统各部分的硬件及软件实现。最后文中分析了误差产生的原因,并对系统完善提出了一些建议。     

基于WSN的油菜生长环境数据采集系统

针对传统作物生长环境数据获取手段实时性差、劳动强度大以及部署微型自动气象站和商用Zigbee产品成本高、开放性较差等问题，设计并实现了一种基于WSN的油菜生长环境数据采集系统。提出了轻量级的能量感知路由协议CLFP，并给出了软硬件的相关设计方法。仿真和大田试验结果表明，系统温度采集精度最高可达0.01 ℃，测湿精度达±5%，光强采集范围为1~65 535 lx，可并发的数据传输达到36路，可满足农业现场环境数据的较高测量要求。在标称电源供电情况下，系统实际有效生存周期超过142 d，由于采用AT89C51和nRF2401作为基础硬件平台，成本低廉，有助于大规模部署和应用。     

农田信息采集单多跳共存LEACH算法

针对农田环境信息量丰富的特点,提出一种基于LEACH算法的改进型无线传感器网络路由算法--LEACH-SMC.在LEACH-SMC算法的稳态阶段,簇头节点到基站间通信采用临界距离来判断和选择多跳或单跳方式,在多跳方式中采用基于最小能量消耗的路由方式.应用Matlab对LEACH-SMC算法和LEACH算法进行仿真对比分析,结果表明, LEACH-SMC算法能提高网络有效覆盖面积并延长整个网络的寿命.     

Measuring copepod abundance in deep‐water winter habitats in the NE Norwegian Sea: intercomparison of results from laser optical plankton counter and multinet

The main purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the laser optical plankton counter (LOPC) as a Calanus finmarchicus monitoring tool in the NE Norwegian Sea in winter. To test this, a multinet and an LOPC were used simultaneously to sample overwintering copepods in the Lofoten basin in January 2007. Additional data from an LOPC laboratory experiment were also analyzed to help the interpretation of the field data. Both the laboratory data and the field data indicated that the presence of particles other than zooplankton generally contaminated the zooplankton signal in the LOPC data. However, reliable abundance estimates could be made from the LOPC data by choosing an appropriate size range in the LOPC size distribution. This size range was determined by comparing LOPC abundance estimates from systematically varying size ranges to multinet zooplankton abundance data. The average difference was smallest for a size range of about 900–1500 μm. As C. finmarchicus, stages IV and V, was by far the most abundant species in the NE Norwegian Sea, abundance estimates from the LOPC in this size range were in practice estimates of C. finmarchicus abundance, making the LOPC suitable as a tool for providing high resolution winter data in the NE Norwegian Sea.     

奶牛场无线传感器网络设计研究

针对奶牛养殖场数据采集时不易实现检测区域的完全覆盖和铺设线缆繁琐的问题,设计了由高性能、低功耗单片机ATmega32L和无线通信模块CRM2400CNC,建立奶牛养殖场无线传感器网络。同时,重点讨论了系统结构、传感器节点的硬软件设计和通信协议等关键问题,结合奶牛场的实际对系统结构的简化进行了研究,并提出了一种新的适合动态网络的跨层技术。试验结果表明,该系统具有结构简单、成本低、功耗低等特点。     

基于激光反射的土壤表面粗糙度测量装置设计与试验

为了实时获取土壤表面粗糙度数据,设计了一种基于激光三角测距原理的土壤表面粗糙度专用测量装置.采用激光扫描测距仪测量微位移,其精度高、响应速度快,测距分辨力高达0.1 mm,显著提高了土壤表面粗糙度的测量精度;借助于光电编码盘和螺杆组合实现高精度扫描定位;PDA作为上位机,农田环境下具有方便携带,大容量存储数据和智能化实时处理功能等优点.     

A calibration method of detecting soil water content based on the information-sharing in wireless sensor network

In agricultural production, there is contradiction between the cost and accuracy of detection during the course of acquiring soil water content (θ) online. This conflict is one of the core issues of automatic water-saving irrigation technology in agriculture. At the same time, capacitive soil moisture sensor (CSMS) has received considerable attention, for it can acquire θ with low cost and high precision, and meet the application requirements of wireless sensor network (WSN). But CSMS is vulnerable to the soil temperature (T_s) and salinity (S_s) in the measurement process. Therefore, this study took EC-5 sensor for example to establish water detection calibration models of soil temperature and salinity for single sensor, using Least Squares Support Vector Machines on MatLAB (LS-SVMlab) as the tool. On this basis, we explored the spatial variability of T_s and S_s, and then a method, which could be used to calibrate the output signals of sensors in multi-point network, was proposed based on the information-sharing (T_s or S_s) technology of WSN. Through laboratory experiment, we effectively reduced the impact of soil temperature and salinity on the single sensor. In example analysis, we investigated the detection precision and costs under different information-sharing radiuses (r). And the results indicated that the method we proposed based on the information-sharing technology of WSN could successfully calibrate the influence of soil temperature and salinity on sensors in multi-point network, and it was an efficacious approach to determine the balance between the calibration accuracy of moisture sensor and the investment of agricultural production. For example, while the calibration precision of soil temperature and salinity is respectively 1%, the costs can be reduced by 30%.     

基于无线传感网络的果园环境信息监测系统研究

影响果树生长的因素有多种,其中至关重要的因素有光照、土壤湿度、温度等,对果园环境信息进行实时监测是实现果园管理现代化的重要手段。基于无线传感网络的果园环境信息监测系统是由不同的传感器收集不同的数据信息,并通过终端发送到协调器,协调器收到终端的环境数据后再通过串口连接至电脑;经过数据处理模块处理后,通过上位机控制软件实时显示环境数据,并且通过显示控制软件远程控制继电器。应用基于无线传感网络的果园环境信息监测系统不仅能够保证果园环境数据的实时性和有效性,也能帮助果农及时对环境变化做出正确的应对决策。